The exercise claims that given any painting of the statement holds. We will continue with a proof by contradiction, first assuming that there is a specific painting of where the rest of the statement does not hold
If the rest of the statement doesn't hold, then that means that there is some integer such that given any greater than , then are not all the same color .
Before we continue, let's think about how is forced to be painted, for our example, let's consider the two colors being white and black.
Given two numbers , if they are both black, then we know that must be white, or else we would have a contradiction with . Additionally suppose all numbers between them are white and that and , then if that's the case we would also get a contradiction as then would both be white, forcing to be black by , but x + y is either black or white not both, this is a contradiction, so assuming still that all numbers between are white, then we must know that by that very contradiction
This means given any two that are black, if all numbers between the two are white, then meaning that there is at most one other white number between the two of them. We could also redo the above argument exchanging the words white and black, which would convince you that between any two white numbers, there is at most one black number.
Therefore due to this, we can see that there are 3 possible situations, paintings of either it eventually is all black, all white, or it is alternating white and black. We can see this is true as follows, suppose at some we know that is white
Let be the point at which it becomes all white, all black, or alternates forever.
If is eventually all white, then we'd have a contradiction since for any , then are all white, which contradicts , the same argument shows it cannot be all black either.
Suppose that is alternating white and black, then let and let be two black numbers. By we know that a + b cannot be black, so it must be white. But then are both white, so by must be black, which is a contradiction.