Fundamental Theorem of Calculus I
Let be integrable on and define for . Then is continuous, moreover when is continuous at then we have that is differentiable at and
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus II
Let be integrable on , if there is a continuous function that is differentiable on such that for every then
MVT for Integrals
Suppose that is continous, then there exists a point such that
Let and define for any , since is continuous on that means that for every we have that , and also that is continuous on .
As noted above we satisfy the conditions to the mean value theorem which means that there is some such that
Finally we note that
Which shows that
Antiderivative
A function is an antiderivative of the function if for every
Sign Function
We define such that
Sign Functions Integral
Let and , show that is riemann integrable on and that for any , why is not an antiderivative of .
Note that if then when then we have and finally when then we have which shows that in all cases, note that is not an antiderivative of because it is undefined at some points in the domain of .
One over Epsilon Integral
Suppose that is continuous and fix , define , show that is and compute .
Let's try to compute , if it turns out that by observation that equation we get for is continous then is , we approach by definition: Since we can assume that eventually so that therefore the integrals have an overlapping cancellation from to so that Let and define so that we have and also Therefore by finally constructing we have therefore as the right hand side is composition of fundamental operations on which maintain continuity then is continuous, so that is as needed.
Twice Differentiable Triangle
Suppose that is twice differentiable on , and that . Prove that
Let , and let , if it's the case that , then let if then we apply MVT on the interval to get some such that so that and that Now if one can do the same analysis but will obtain some such that so that Now when , we have the following integral inequalities, note the the first integral exists because is continuous: But note that the integral on the right measure the area of the function which hits the y axis at and has legs coming down which intersect the axis at respectively, so that the total area is given by . Now focusing on the left hand side we recall that since is a continuous function such that then we have: thus chaining previous inqualities with the above equality we have: If it turns out that is negative we can get the same bound, which shows for an arbitrary choice of we were able to deduce that , thus