ΘρϵηΠατπ

Negative Real Number
We say that x is negative when x<0
Positive Real Number
We say that x is positive when 0<x
A Negative Number is Smaller than a Positive One
Suppose that a<0 and that b>0 then a<b
This follows because < is transitive.
Multiplying by -1 Inverts the Sign
Suppose x is positive iff x is negative
Observe that x0 iff x+(x)0+(x) iff 0x as needed.
Negative Zero is Zero
For 0 we have that 0=0
Since 0 is an identity element with respect to + then x+0=x, specifically for x=0 by definition this means that 0=0 as needed.
A Positive Number is Greater than the Negative Version of Itself
Suppose x where x0 then xx
If x=0 then 0=0 so trivially 00. On the other hand if x>0 then 0x therefore xx
Multiplying by -1 Changes the Inequality Direction
For any x,y xyxy
Observe that xy is the same as xy0 is the same as 0yx is the same as xy as needed.
Absolute Value
the absolute value function ||:0 is defined by
|x|={x if x0x if x<;0
Absolute Value Differs By Sign
x,x=|x|x=|x|
Let x if x>;0, then x=|x| by definition, if x<;0, then |x|=x, or rather x=|x|
Absolute Value Equals Max of Itself and it's Negation
Let x then |x|=max(x,x)

Recall the definition of max(x,x) which is that it's value is x if xx and x if xx. Suppose that x0 then |x|=x and since xx then we know that max(x,x)=x and so in this case we see that |x|=max(x).

Now in the case that x<0 then x>0 and therefore x>x therefore max(x,x)=x and since x<0 then |x|=x.

Therefore it's been verified in any case so that |x|=max(x,x).

Multiplication in Absolute Value
|xy|=|x||y|
  • If both x,y are positive then |xy|=xy=|x||y|
  • if both x,y are negative, then their product is positive so it follows as above
  • if one of x,y is positive and the other negative, without loss of generality assume that x<;0 and y>;0then their product is negative so |xy|=1xy=|x||y|
  • if any one of x,y is zero, then |xy|=0=|x||y|
Value Between Positive and Negative Equivalence
Let a,x where x0 xax|a|x

we want to prove that |a|x. Case one, if a0 then |a|=a and since we already know that ax then we obtain that |a|x as needed. In the second case if a<0 then |a|=a so we want to show that ax which is the same as ax which we know by assumption as well.

Suppose that |a|x if a0 then |a|=a and so we're really assuming that ax therefore ax since aa then by chaining inequalities we get xaax which implies xax as needed. Now for the case of a0 then we've assumed that ax now a is positive and by symmetrically following our previous case with a in place of a we see that xaax and so xax again, as needed.

Maximum is Always Bigger than It's arguments
Let x,y then xmax(x,y) and ymax(x,y)
Value Between Implies It's Absolute Value is Less than the Max of the Others
Suppose that abc then |b|max(|a|,|c|)
Let's recall that c|c|max(|c|,|a|), and on the other hand that a|a|max(|a|,|c|) combining inequalities, that says max(|a|,|c|)bmax(|a|,|c|) therefore |b||max(|a|,|c|)|=max(|a|,|c|) as needed.
Absolute Value Bounds Distance
Suppose that a,b,c with c0 then |ab|cbcab+c
We know that |ab|c iff cabc which is the same as bcab+c as needed.
absolute value greater inequality
Suppose that x and that c such that |c|1 then |x||cx|
Since 1<|c| then 1|x||c||x|=|cx|
absolute value equality
Suppose that a,b and that |a|=|b|, then a=b or a=b
TODO
not equal range
Suppose that a,b then if |b|<a<|b| then ab
Suppose that a=b for contradiction, then |a|<a<|a| , but either a=|a| or a=|a|, so this yields a contradiction.
changing sign doesn't change absolute value
x,|x|=|x|
Let x then |x|=|1x|=|1||x|=1|x|=|x|
absolute value is greater than itself
x,x|x|
  • if x>;0 then |x|=x
  • if x<;0 then |x|=x so |x|x>;x this is true since x<;0 and 0<;x
absolute value is greater than the negative version of itself
x,x|x|
using the fact y<;|y| and subbing in x we obtain the result
|a|1=|1a|
|a||1a|=|a1a|=|1|=1
|x+y|||x|+|y||
TODO
Triangle Inequality
Suppose that x,y, then we have |x+y||x|+|y|
Generalized Triangle Inequality
Suppose that X is finite then |X|xX|x|
We prove it true by induction based on the size of X. Base case |X|=2 is covered by the regular triangle inequality. Now suppose that it holds true for |Y|=k we'll show it holds true for |Z|=k+1, let zZ, then we have |(Z{z})|aZ{z}|a| since |Z{z}|=k. Now by the regular triangle inequality we obtain that |Z|amp;=|(Z{z})+z|amp;|(Z{z})|+|z|amp;aZ{z}|a|+|z|amp;=zZ|z|
Isolate Absolute value Inequality
Let a,b,c then |ab|c implies that |a|c+|b|
We have the following: |ab|c|ab|+|b|c+|b||ab+b||ab|+|b|c+|b||a|c+|b| Where in the second last line we used the triangle inequality