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Negative Real Number
We say that x∈ℝ is negative when x<0
Positive Real Number
We say that x∈ℝ is positive when 0<x
A Negative Number is Smaller than a Positive One
Suppose that a<0 and that b>0 then a<b
This follows because < is transitive.
Multiplying by -1 Inverts the Sign
Suppose x∈ℝ is positive iff −x is negative
Observe that x≥0 iff x+(−x)≥0+(−x) iff 0≥−x as needed.
Negative Zero is Zero
For 0∈ℝ we have that −0=0
Since 0 is an identity element with respect to + then x+0=x, specifically for x=0 by definition this means that −0=0 as needed.
A Positive Number is Greater than the Negative Version of Itself
Suppose x∈ℝ where x≥0 then x≥−x
If x=0 then 0=−0 so trivially 0≥−0. On the other hand if x>0 then 0≥−x therefore x≥−x
Multiplying by -1 Changes the Inequality Direction
For any x,y∈ℝ x≥y⟺−x≤−y
Observe that x≥y is the same as x−y≥0 is the same as 0≥y−x is the same as −x≤−y as needed.
Absolute Value
the absolute value function |⋅|:ℝ→ℝ≥0 is defined by
|x|={x if x≥0−x if x<;0
Absolute Value Differs By Sign
∀x∈ℝ,x=|x|∨x=−|x|
Let x∈ℝ if x>;0, then x=|x| by definition, if x<;0, then |x|=−x, or rather x=−|x|
Absolute Value Equals Max of Itself and it's Negation
Let x∈ℝ then |x|=max⁡(x,−x)

Recall the definition of max⁡(x,−x) which is that it's value is x if x≥−x and −x if x≤−x. Suppose that x≥0 then |x|=x and since x≥−x then we know that max⁡(x,−x)=x and so in this case we see that |x|=max⁡(x).

Now in the case that x<0 then −x>0 and therefore −x>x therefore max⁡(x,−x)=−x and since x<0 then |x|=−x.

Therefore it's been verified in any case so that |x|=max⁡(x,−x).

Multiplication in Absolute Value
|x⋅y|=|x|⋅|y|
  • If both x,y are positive then |x⋅y|=x⋅y=|x|⋅|y|
  • if both x,y are negative, then their product is positive so it follows as above
  • if one of x,y is positive and the other negative, without loss of generality assume that x<;0 and y>;0then their product is negative so |x⋅y|=−1⋅x⋅y=|x|⋅|y|
  • if any one of x,y is zero, then |x⋅y|=0=|x|⋅|y|
Value Between Positive and Negative Equivalence
Let a,x∈ℝ where x≥0 −x≤a≤x⟺|a|≤x

⟹ we want to prove that |a|≤x. Case one, if a≥0 then |a|=a and since we already know that a≤x then we obtain that |a|≤x as needed. In the second case if a<0 then |a|=−a so we want to show that −a≤x which is the same as a≥−x which we know by assumption as well.

⟸ Suppose that |a|≤x if a≥0 then |a|=a and so we're really assuming that a≤x therefore −a≥−x since a≥−a then by chaining inequalities we get x≥a≥−a≥−x which implies x≥a≥−x as needed. Now for the case of a≤0 then we've assumed that −a≤x now −a is positive and by symmetrically following our previous case with −a in place of a we see that x≥−a≥a≥−x and so x≥a≥−x again, as needed.

Maximum is Always Bigger than It's arguments
Let x,y∈ℝ then x≤max⁡(x,y) and y≤max⁡(x,y)
Value Between Implies It's Absolute Value is Less than the Max of the Others
Suppose that a≤b≤c then |b|≤max⁡(|a|,|c|)
Let's recall that c≤|c|≤max⁡(|c|,|a|), and on the other hand that a≥−|a|≥−max⁡(|a|,|c|) combining inequalities, that says −max⁡(|a|,|c|)≤b≤max⁡(|a|,|c|) therefore |b|≤|max⁡(|a|,|c|)|=max⁡(|a|,|c|) as needed.
Absolute Value Bounds Distance
Suppose that a,b,c∈ℝ with c≥0 then |a−b|≤c⟺b−c≤a≤b+c
We know that |a−b|≤c iff −c≤a−b≤c which is the same as b−c≤a≤b+c as needed.
absolute value greater inequality
Suppose that x∈ℝ and that c∈ℝ such that |c|≥1 then |x|≤|cx|
Since 1<|c| then 1⋅|x|≤|c|⋅|x|=|cx|
absolute value equality
Suppose that a,b∈ℤ and that |a|=|b|, then a=b or a=−b
TODO
not equal range
Suppose that a,b∈ℤ then if −|b|<a<|b| then a≠b
Suppose that a=b for contradiction, then −|a|<a<|a| , but either a=|a| or a=−|a|, so this yields a contradiction.
changing sign doesn't change absolute value
∀x∈ℝ,|x|=|−x|
Let x∈ℝ then |−x|=|−1⋅x|=|−1|⋅|x|=1⋅|x|=|x|
absolute value is greater than itself
∀x∈ℝ,x≤|x|
  • if x>;0 then |x|=x
  • if x<;0 then |x|=−x so |x|≥−x>;x this is true since x<;0 and 0<;−x
absolute value is greater than the negative version of itself
∀x∈ℝ,−x≤|x|
using the fact y<;|y| and subbing in −x we obtain the result
|a|−1=|1a|
|a|⋅|1a|=|a⋅1a|=|1|=1
|x+y|≤||x|+|y||
TODO
Triangle Inequality
Suppose that x,y∈ℝ, then we have |x+y|≤|x|+|y|
Generalized Triangle Inequality
Suppose that X⊆ℝ is finite then |∑X|≤∑x∈X|x|
We prove it true by induction based on the size of X. Base case |X|=2 is covered by the regular triangle inequality. Now suppose that it holds true for |Y|=k we'll show it holds true for |Z|=k+1, let z∈Z, then we have |∑(Z∖{z})|≤∑a∈Z∖{z}|a| since |Z∖{z}|=k. Now by the regular triangle inequality we obtain that |∑Z|=|∑(Z∖{z})+z|≤|∑(Z∖{z})|+|z|≤∑a∈Z∖{z}|a|+|z|=∑z∈Z|z|
Isolate Absolute value Inequality
Let a,b,c∈ℝ then |a−b|≤c implies that |a|≤c+|b|
We have the following: |a−b|≤c⇕|a−b|+|b|≤c+|b|⇕|a−b+b|≤|a−b|+|b|≤c+|b|⇕|a|≤c+|b| Where in the second last line we used the triangle inequality